Introduction to the new Panerai pendulum clock from world-renowned watch brands

　　The 2014 Geneva International Haute HorlogeriePaneraiunveiled its latest creation for 2014—a large pendulum clock limited to 30 pieces with a 8-day power reserve. Let us take you on a journey to appreciate the charm of this pendulum clock.

　　Introduction to the new Panerai pendulum clock

　　Galileo's pendulum, known as the "measurer of time", marked a turning point in the history of horology as it opened the door to the modern era. Now, this ancient discovery comes to life once again as Panerai introduces its new pendulum clock. This piece faithfully reproduces the instrument designed by Galileo, which he used to prove the law of isochronism of pendulum swings. Galileo's seventeenth-century discovery brought about a revolutionary change, reducing the daily error of clocks from minutes to mere seconds. The escapement designed by the Tuscan scientist is considered the first free escapement in history, and thus the invention of the pendulum clock holds profound historical importance. Rich in technical depth, it once again highlights the close connection between Galileo, Tuscany, science, and Panerai. The application of the pendulum to timekeeping was a long and tortuous process: Galileo was unable to visually demonstrate an idea he had in 1641 because he was almost blind at the time, so the task fell to his son, Vincenzo.

　　The following year, Galileo passed away, and the project was shelved for a long time. It was not until 1649 that his son decided to complete it. Vincenzo engaged a blacksmith to make the iron frame, escapement wheel, and pinion blanks, while he personally cut the teeth of the escapement. Regrettably, he also passed away a few months later. This unfinished yet potentially operational model was then forgotten for a time. In 1659, at the request of Leopoldo de' Medici ', Galileo's friend and biographer Vincenzo Viviani found this model and brought it, along with the drawings, to the Prince of Florence. Only the latter survived, as all the components of the machine itself had been lost: the drawings now preserved in Florence illustrate the construction of the instrument and its working principles, allowing us to visually understand the ideas and the concept of isochronism put forward by Galileo many years ago.

　　Florentine clockmaker Eustachio Porcellotti made a clock based on this original drawing in 1887, which is now preserved in the Museo Galileo in Florence. Panerai's exquisite new creation is identical to Porcellotti's work. Measuring 35.6 cm high, 18.5 cm wide, and 11.1 cm deep, the dimensions of this desk clock follow the design of the original drawings, corroborated by several other replicas. Its frame consists of two main plates made not of iron like the original clock and Porcellotti's version, but of nickel-palladium alloyed brass, connected at the top with crossbars and secured at the bottom in the traditional manner with tapered pins. The upper crossbar carries the escapement and suspends the pendulum, while the lower crossbar connects the lower parts of the frame plates, forming four scroll-shaped feet. The barrel is located between the base and the dial, housing a 4.10-metre-long mainspring that provides 8 days of continuous power for the pendulum clock. The clock is wound by turning the square winding arbor using a winding key, and a spring-loaded ratchet is mounted above the center of the barrel to prevent the mainspring from unwinding. Higher up is the dial featuring Roman numerals and black lacquered hands, just like the 1887 clock. The gear wheels with hand-finished teeth, the bezel surrounding the dial, the barrel, and other details are all gold-plated.

　　The most important part of the pendulum clock is the regulating balance and escapement designed by Galileo. This device comprises an escapement wheel with 12 pins on its side and 12 teeth cut into its rim, alongside three levers visible when viewing the pendulum clock from the front: one positioned on the left and the other two on the right. The longest lever on the left has a hook-shaped end and serves as the stop lever, while the two on the right are arranged in a scissor-like fashion, serving as the release lever and impulse lever respectively. When the escapement wheel is in the locking phase, the pendulum has absolutely no contact with it, which is why this device is called a "free escapement". The pendulum itself consists of a metal rod with a biconvex lenticular bob at the end, equipped with a screw used to adjust the duration of the pendulum's swing. A position on the bottom crossbar is provided to store the clock winding key.

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　　Panerai Luminor 1950 Series Automatic Mechanical Watch PAM312/PAM00312

　　Review:

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